Answer/letter to fake governments
that are registered companies
for
Followers Of The Way
Acts 9:
1-2. Now Saul, still breathing threats and murder against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high priest, and asked for letters from him to the synagogues at Damascus, so that if he found any belonging to the Way, both men and women, he might bring them bound to Jerusalem.
Acts 19:
9. But when some were becoming hardened and disobedient, speaking evil of the Way before the people, he withdrew from them and took away the disciples, reasoning daily in the school of Tyrannus.
Acts 19:
23. About that time there occurred no small disturbance concerning the Way.
Acts 22:
4. I persecuted this Way to the death, binding and putting both men and women into prisons,
Acts 24:
14. But this I admit to you, that according to the Way which they call a sect I do serve the God of our fathers, believing everything that is in accordance with the Law and that is written in the Prophets;
Acts 24:
22. But Felix, having a more exact knowledge about the Way, put them off, saying, “When Lysias the commander comes down, I will decide your case.”
Acts 24
14. But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets:
Heresy = ketterij:
Ketterij is een term die wordt gebruikt om een afwijking van de gevestigde doctrines of principes van een religie, met name het christendom, aan te duiden. Een persoon die dergelijke afwijkende overtuigingen aanhangt, wordt een ketter genoemd.
Matthew 15:
9. But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men.
Matthew 7:
7. Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men.
Colossians 2:
22. Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men?
1 Timothy 4:
1. Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils;
Hebrews 13:
9. Be not carried about with divers and strange doctrines. For it is a good thing that the heart be established with grace; not with meats, which have not profited them that have been occupied therein.
Hallo medewerker (mens) van de fictie/bedrijf ...............................,
Standpunten, meningen, een geloofsovertuiging (geloof: overtuiging dat iets waar is of bestaat), levensovertuiging:
Canon/kanon:
Wet, geloofsregel, convenant, contract, verbond, verdrag
Bijbel/Torah:
The Bible/תּוֹרָה/Torah is lex scripta, written or statutory law. Exodus 16:4; Exodus 24:12
Rechtssysteem:
Exodus 18:13-26 is het begin van het rechtssysteem:
Aarde:
Een ieder die zich op de aarde bevindt dient zich te houden aan de Wetten van YHWH = יְהֹוָה (Isaiah 33:22)
Nederland:
Nederland is een onderdeel van deze aarde: Exodus 19:5.
Soeverein:
YHWH = יְהֹוָה is de enige soeverein: 1 Timothy 6:15; James 4:12; Isaiah 43:15 en Jude 1:4b,
Wet- en regelgeving:
Het staat u uiteraard vrij om het oneens te zijn met de huidige rechtsorde van יהוה (YHWH) (Exodus 18:13-26). Dat kan er echter niet toe leiden dat u eenzijdig verklaart dat de op aarde geldende wet- en regelgeving niet op u van toepassing is en mij onder leugens, nr. 9 van de tien geboden, en dwang zonder verdrag, convenant en/of contract besteelt, nr. 8 van de tien geboden.
Convenant:
Wij hebben de 10 geboden als convenant met יהוה *Exodus 24; Exodus 34:28 en Deuterenomy 4:13
Renewed Covenant/ Vernieuwd verbond:
De nieuwe (vernieuwde) convenant in Yahushua zit in ZIJN bloed *Hebrews 13:20 waarbij de wetten in ons hart zitten *Jeremiah 31:33 dat Hij ONZE God zal zijn en wij zullen ZIJN volk zijn.
Grace of God/Gratie van God:
Wij hebben via Yahushua (Jezus) de Gratie van יהוה (God) *1 Corinthians 1:4.
Seal/Zegel:
Ook zijn wij verzegeld met de Heilige Geest (Ephesians 1:13), die zegel krijg je alleen als je יהוה gehoorzaamt (Acts 5:32)
Bewoner van de aarde:
Ik ben een bewoner van de aarde (Psalm 33:14) met De Schepper יְהֹוָה (YHWH) als wetgever, Koning en God. (Isaiah 33:22) en Nederland is een onderdeel van deze aarde.
Nationaliteit:
Mijn nationaliteit is Hebreeuws (Israël) tempel van de Heilige Geest ontvangen van יְהֹוָה (Acts 5:32) mijn אֱלֹהִים (Elohiym/God/rechter/Koning/wetgever) (Isaiah 33:22) en ik heb vanuit die positie bepaalde rechten en plichten. (Genesis 26:5; Exodus 19:5; Deuteronomy 14:2; Hebrews 8: 7-13; 10:16; Ezekiel 44:24). Er is dus geen enkele reden om aan te nemen dat ik een Nederlands Staatsburger zou zijn, een slaaf van een menselijk systeem.
Convenant/verdrag/verbond/contract:
Mijn convenant (de 10 geboden: Exodus 34:28; Mozes) is met יְהֹוָה En wij, die de Heilige Geest ontvangen hebben, omdat wij יְהֹוָה en Jezus gehoorzamen (Acts 5:32, John 14:26, John 1:17), hebben nu de wetten in ons hart (Jeremiah 31:31, Hebrews 8:7-13 + 12:24), dat is het nieuwe convenant van יְהֹוָה (YHWH) met ons mensen.
Gratie van יהוה (YHWH/God):
De gratie/genade van יהוה (God) die u door Yahushua/Salvation /verlosser (Jezus Christus) gegeven is. (1 Corinthians 1:4)
De Thora noemt niet expliciet een bevel om de burgerlijke wetten van het land te gehoorzamen. Het idee om seculiere wetten te volgen, zolang ze niet in strijd zijn met religieuze verplichtingen, wordt later ontwikkeld in de rabbijnse literatuur, met name in de Talmoed (bijvoorbeeld in Berakhot 58a en Nedarim 28a).
Dit is de reden dat ik als mens niet met de Staat der Nederlanden, het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, Gemeenten van Nederland en ook niet met Nederland een convenant kan hebben. Niemand kan twee heren dienen (Matthew 6:24 + Luke 16:13).
Ik zeg u, dat ik als mens uw standpunten en meningen niet deel. Er is geen convenant, verdrag, verbond en geen contract met wie dan ook, mens en/of vermeende landen dat bedrijven zijn ingeschreven bij de KvK, in Washington DC en in London. (Edgar: https://www.sec.gov/), die zich o.a. Staat der Nederlanden, Tweede Kamer, Belastingdienst en Rechtbank noemen, dat ik mij aan een wet zou moeten houden die zij (mensen) opgesteld zouden hebben.
(*Lees voor de verwijzingen zelf in de Bijbel/geschriften)
A faithful minister of יְהוֹשֻׁעַ and fellow servant in יְהֹוָה 5974 A.M.
Bij de gratie Gods (ius divinum; 1 Corinthians 1:4)
Minister of יְהבֿשׁוּעַ מֶלֶ (King Yahushua) מָשִׁיחַ (Ha-Mashiach)
of Heavens, Earth, Sea and the fountains of waters, sui juris, Divine Law / וֹבֿרָה /Torah /Moses
Tot slot deel ik u mee dat wij op soortgelijke verzoeken van gelijke strekking of inhoud niet meer inhoudelijk reageren.
De Thora noemt niet expliciet een bevel om de burgerlijke wetten van het land te gehoorzamen. Het idee om seculiere wetten te volgen, zolang ze niet in strijd zijn met religieuze verplichtingen, wordt later ontwikkeld in de rabbijnse literatuur, met name in de Talmoed (bijvoorbeeld in Berakhot 58a en Nedarim 28a).
"Je hebt gelijk. Exodus 18:20 benadrukt inderdaad het belang van het selecteren van capabele leiders om te helpen bij het oordelen over het volk. Van deze leiders wordt verwacht dat ze recht spreken volgens Gods wetten en niet hun eigen wetten of oordelen maken die in strijd zijn met Gods wil. Jethro's advies aan Mozes onderstreept het principe dat zelfs aardse autoriteiten binnen het raamwerk van Gods wetten en principes moeten opereren. Hoewel het vers dus niet expliciet gehoorzaamheid aan wereldlijke autoriteiten aankaart, versterkt het wel het idee dat menselijke leiders hun bestuur moeten afstemmen op Gods wetten en niet in strijd daarmee moeten handelen."
In praktische zin creëren en handhaven menselijke samenlevingen ook hun eigen wetten via wetgevende processen, rechtssystemen en overheidsinstanties. Deze door mensen gemaakte wetten zijn bedoeld om gedrag te reguleren, orde te handhaven en rechtvaardigheid binnen de samenleving te bevorderen. Hoewel menselijke wetten inspiratie kunnen putten uit religieuze principes en morele waarden, onderscheiden ze zich van goddelijke wetten en zijn ze onderhevig aan verandering in de loop van de tijd door juridische processen en maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen.
Moet de mens belasting betalen in de Bijbel:
De Bijbel noemt inkomstenbelasting zoals wij die vandaag de dag begrijpen niet expliciet.
Over het algemeen biedt de Bijbel geen specifieke richtlijnen voor moderne belastingstelsels.
Als wereldlijke heersers proberen te domineren of acties af te dwingen die tegen uw geloof ingaan, wordt u opgeroepen om weerstand te bieden en standvastig te zijn in uw gehoorzaamheid aan Gods hogere wet.
Deuteronomium 17:18-20 spreekt inderdaad over de verplichtingen van de koning om een kopie van de Thora te schrijven en de wetten ervan te volgen, maar het gebiedt niet rechtstreeks gehoorzaamheid aan seculiere wetten of de wetten van het land in algemene zin.
Het benadrukt eerder dat de koning moet regeren in overeenstemming met de Thora, wat een specifieke richtlijn is voor de koning en geen bevel voor de hele natie om burgerlijke wetten te volgen.
Om direct op uw vraag in te gaan: de Thora gebiedt Joden niet expliciet om de burgerlijke wetten van het land waarin ze leven te gehoorzamen. Het concept dat Joden de wetten van het land moeten gehoorzamen (dina d'malkhuta dina) is een rabbijns principe dat werd ontwikkeld in de Talmoed en latere Joodse juridische bronnen, gebaseerd op de bredere ethische principes van rechtvaardigheid en orde die in de Thora worden uiteengezet.
The Torah does not explicitly mention a command to obey the civil laws of the land. The idea of following secular laws, as long as they don't contradict religious obligations, is developed later in rabbinic literature, specifically in the Talmud (for example, in Berakhot 58a and Nedarim 28a).
- Rabbinic Interpretation:
- The principle of dina d'malkhuta dina ("the law of the land is the law") was derived later in rabbinic sources. It means that Jews should follow the secular laws of the land, as long as those laws don't conflict with Jewish religious laws. This principle was developed as a way to navigate living within non-Jewish societies.
Rabbijnse interpretatie:
Het principe van dina d'malkhuta dina ("de wet van het land is de wet") werd later afgeleid in rabbijnse bronnen. Het betekent dat Joden de seculiere wetten van het land moeten volgen, zolang die wetten niet in conflict zijn met Joodse religieuze wetten. Dit principe werd ontwikkeld als een manier om te navigeren in het leven binnen niet-Joodse samenlevingen.
In practical terms, human societies also create and enforce their own laws through legislative processes, judicial systems, and governmental authorities. These human-made laws are intended to regulate behavior, maintain order, and promote justice within society. While human laws may draw inspiration from religious principles and moral values, they are distinct from divine laws and are subject to change over time through legal processes and societal developments.
"You're correct. Exodus 18:20 indeed emphasizes the importance of selecting capable leaders to assist in judging the people. These leaders are expected to administer justice according to God's laws and not to make their own laws or judgments contrary to God's will. Jethro's advice to Moses underscores the principle that even earthly authorities should operate within the framework of God's laws and principles. Therefore, while the verse doesn't explicitly address obedience to secular authorities, it reinforces the idea that human leaders should align their governance with God's laws and not act in opposition to them."
If secular rulers try to dominate or force actions that go against your faith, you are called to resist and stand firm in your obedience to God’s higher law.
Do man have to pay tax in the Bible:
The Bible does not explicitly mention income tax as we understand it today.
Overall, the Bible does not provide specific guidance on modern tax systems.
Pesach is on the 12th of April 2025
Gregorian calendar
(5975 Anno Mundi)
Wij: het volk Israel (Messiaanse Joden en Christenen) vieren het nieuwjaar op
1 Aviv (Nisan) 5975 Anno Mundi / (Zondag) dag 1 bij zonsopgang op 30 maart 2025. (Zie bij: Exodus 12:2)
(Naties vieren Nieuwe maan 29 maart 2025 12:00:07 uur)
בראש השנה = Rosh HaShanna = Bijbels Nieuwjaar (dat is in maart/april)


I said:
Rev 1:5 - And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, Rev 1:6 - And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. Prince: a ruler, commander, chief, leader 1Ti 6:15 Which in his times he shall shew, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings, and Lord of lords; Rev 17:14 These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are with him are called, and chosen, and faithful. Rev 19:16 And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.
ChatGPT said:
The verses you've provided all emphasize the supreme authority and kingship of Jesus Christ, portraying Him as the ultimate ruler over all earthly and spiritual realms.
- Revelation 1:5-6 describes Jesus as the "faithful witness," the "first begotten of the dead," and the "prince of the kings of the earth," and speaks of His sacrificial love and redemptive act. This passage highlights Christ's victory over death and His exalted position as a ruler, not just over earthly kingdoms, but as the sovereign of all creation. His authority is established through His resurrection, and He has made believers “kings and priests” to God, signifying the spiritual authority and service that Christians now share in Christ's kingdom.
- 1 Timothy 6:15 refers to Christ as the "blessed and only Potentate," meaning the sovereign ruler, and the "King of kings and Lord of lords." This verse emphasizes that Christ is the ultimate authority, superior to all other rulers, and that His reign is eternal. The term "Potentate" stresses His unrivaled power and supreme dominion.
- Revelation 17:14 gives a similar depiction of Christ as "Lord of lords and King of kings," affirming His ultimate victory over His enemies. The passage suggests that despite earthly powers aligning against Him, Christ will triumph. Those who are with Him—believers—are described as "called, and chosen, and faithful," showing that Christ’s followers are part of His victorious and eternal reign.
- Revelation 19:16 further solidifies Christ’s kingship, declaring Him as "KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS" written on His vesture and thigh, a powerful visual declaration of His supreme authority. This title reflects the final, overwhelming triumph of Christ at the end of time when He fully reveals His power and sovereignty.
In summary: These verses collectively paint a picture of Christ as the supreme ruler, not just over the earthly kings but over all realms, spiritual and material. His titles—Prince, King of Kings, Lord of Lords—reflect His ultimate power, authority, and eternal dominion. Through His victory over death and His redemptive work, He establishes an eternal reign, and those who are faithful to Him share in this glorious kingdom, as "kings and priests."
I said:
"Deuteronomy 16:
18-20: This discusses the appointment of judges and officials to ensure justice, but again, it is focused on creating a just society, not necessarily a command to obey civil laws."
This is not a law/torah. Where does the torah/law mention this?
ChatGPT said:
You are absolutely right to point out that Deuteronomy 16:18-20 does not command obedience to secular civil laws in the way you're asking about. Rather, it focuses on the appointment of judges to ensure justice and fairness within the community of Israel, and while important, it is not directly related to the idea of obeying the laws of the land where Jews live.
To address your question clearly:
Where in the Torah is it explicitly commanded to obey civil laws?
The Torah itself (the Written Law) does not explicitly command Jews to obey the civil laws of the land they reside in. The principle of obeying the laws of the land (dina d'malkhuta dina) is actually developed in rabbinic literature, primarily in the Talmud and later Jewish legal writings, rather than directly in the Torah.
Key Points:
- The Torah's emphasis is on ethical and religious law for the Israelite community, and it primarily governs their relationship with God, each other, and the land of Israel.
- The Talmudic principle of dina d'malkhuta dina ("the law of the land is the law") emerges later, particularly in Talmudic tractates such as Berakhot 58a and Nedarim 28a. This principle reflects rabbinic interpretation of how Jewish people should interact with non-Jewish governments while living in diaspora.
Berakhot 58a
This heretic said to him: How do you know this? Rav Sheshet said to him: Royalty on earth is like royalty in the heavens,
Nedarim 28a.
GEMARA: The Gemara asks, concerning the mishna’s statement that one may take a vow to tax collectors: But didn’t Shmuel say: The law of the kingdom is the law, i.e., there is a halakhic principle that Jews must obey the laws of the state in which they live? Since one must pay the tax determined by the kingdom, how did the Sages permit one to lie in order to avoid paying?
GEMARA: De Gemara vraagt, met betrekking tot de uitspraak van de misjna dat men een gelofte mag afleggen aan belastinginners: Maar zei Shmuel niet: De wet van het koninkrijk is de wet, d.w.z. er is een halachisch principe dat Joden de wetten van de staat waarin ze leven moeten gehoorzamen? Aangezien men de belasting moet betalen die door het koninkrijk is bepaald, hoe hebben de Wijzen toegestaan dat men liegt om te voorkomen dat men betaalt?
Een halachisch principe:
De halacha of haloche is het totaal van goddelijke en rabbijnse wetgeving die gefundeerd is in de Thora en opgetekend in de Rabbijnse literatuur vanaf de 4e eeuw voor Christus. Het Hebreeuwse woord halacha is afgeleid van de woordstam van lopen of gaan, halach, waarmee wordt gesuggereerd dat dit de weg is die joden dienen te belopen of begaan.
1) Aanpraten 2) Adviseren 3) Beïnvloeden 4) Biologeren 5) De indruk wekken 6) Doen vermoeden 7) Een gedachte ingeven 8) Een gedachte oproepen 9) Eigen voorkeur aandragen 10) Fijntjes opdringen van gedachten of ideeën 11) Geestelijk beïnvloeden 12) Ingeven 13) Insinueren 14) Opdringen 15) Opdringen van een denkbeeld
To answer your question:
The Torah DOES NOT contain an explicit command to obey the secular laws of the land. The concept of obeying civil law is a rabbinic interpretation based on broader principles of justice, order, and community welfare that are present in the Torah.
While the Torah speaks about establishing courts of law, justice, and ethical behavior (such as in Exodus 18:21-22, Deuteronomy 16:18, Deuteronomy 17:8-13), it does not directly state that Jews must obey the civil laws of the country they reside in. This is a principle derived later by the rabbis as a practical way of living in non-Jewish societies, ensuring that Jewish people could be law-abiding citizens without violating religious laws.
Conclusion:
The principle of obeying the laws of the land is not found explicitly in the Torah but is developed in the Talmud and later Jewish legal writings based on principles of justice and societal order. The Torah lays the foundation for the need for justice and fairness within society, but the direct command to obey secular laws is a later rabbinic interpretation.
I said:
Do man have to pay tax in the bible
ChatGPT said:
The Bible does not explicitly mention income tax as we understand it today.
Overall, the Bible does not provide specific guidance on modern tax systems.
I said:
The secular governments have to obey Yahweh's laws "But he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD"
ChatGPT said:
You are correct that the Old Testament frequently highlights the responsibility of leaders, including kings and secular authorities, to obey Yahweh's laws. The phrase "But he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD" is commonly used to evaluate the actions of the kings of Israel and Judah based on their adherence to God's commandments.
Here are some key points and passages that illustrate this concept:
- Evaluation of Kings: Many passages in the books of Kings and Chronicles assess the reigns of various kings according to their faithfulness to Yahweh's laws. For example:
-
- 2 Kings 17:18-20: This passage explains that the northern kingdom of Israel was exiled because its leaders and people did evil in the sight of the Lord by not following His commandments.
- 2 Kings 21:1-2: "Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty-five years in Jerusalem. And he did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, according to the despicable practices of the nations whom the LORD drove out before the people of Israel."
- Deuteronomy 17:18-20: This passage outlines the expectations for Israelite kings to follow God's law:
-
- "And when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, he shall write for himself in a book a copy of this law, approved by the Levitical priests. And it shall be with him, and he shall read in it all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear the LORD his God by keeping all the words of this law and these statutes, and doing them."
- Proverbs 16:12: "It is an abomination to kings to do evil, for the throne is established by righteousness." This proverb underscores that a king's legitimacy is rooted in righteousness, which is defined by adherence to God's laws.
- Jeremiah 22:1-5: The prophet Jeremiah calls on the king of Judah to execute justice and righteousness, warning that failure to do so will lead to ruin:
-
- "Thus says the LORD: Go down to the house of the king of Judah and speak there this word, and say, ‘Hear the word of the LORD, O king of Judah, who sits on the throne of David, you, and your servants, and your people who enter these gates. Thus says the LORD: Do justice and righteousness, and deliver from the hand of the oppressor him who has been robbed. And do no wrong or violence to the resident alien, the fatherless, and the widow, nor shed innocent blood in this place.'"
These passages indicate that while the Old Testament does not explicitly command all citizens to obey secular laws, it clearly establishes that secular authorities themselves are expected to follow Yahweh's laws. When they fail to do so, they are condemned for doing evil in the sight of the Lord.
I said:
Did Jesus pay human tax
ChatGPT said:
According to the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 17:24-27), Jesus did pay the temple tax, not a human tax. The temple tax was a religious obligation imposed on Jewish males for the upkeep of the temple in Jerusalem. In the passage, Peter is approached by those who collect the temple tax, and Jesus instructs Peter to catch a fish, in which he finds a coin to pay the tax for both himself and Jesus.
However, when it comes to paying taxes to secular authorities, there is another passage in the Bible, specifically in the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 22:15-22), where Jesus is asked about paying taxes to Caesar. In response, Jesus famously says, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's" (Matthew 22:21). This statement is often interpreted as acknowledging the authority of secular rulers to levy taxes while also affirming the ultimate authority of God.
So while Jesus did pay the temple tax, which was a religious obligation, there isn't a specific instance recorded in the Bible where he paid taxes to secular authorities.
I said:
Luke 2: 1 And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed /ἀπογράφω = inventariseren = take inventory.
3 And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. (city = Polis = πόλις)
Taxed:
(is een verkeerd woord) ἀπογράφω = inventariseren = take inventory
Polis:
De polis is een schriftelijke bevestiging en bewijs van de verzekeringsovereenkomst.
The policy is a written confirmation and proof of the insurance contract. to enter in a register or records spec. to enter in public records the names of men, their property and income each one was registered in the same city The word "ἀπογράφω" translated as a tax, but it does not say or mean tax it means take inventory.
ChatGPT said:
You're right in pointing out that the Greek word ἀπογράφω (apographō) in Luke 2:1-3 does not directly mean "tax" but rather means "to register" or "to take inventory." This nuance is important because it shifts the focus of the passage from taxation to the registering or census-taking process.
Context of ἀπογράφω:
The word ἀπογράφω (from ἀπο- meaning "from" and γράφω meaning "to write" or "to record") specifically refers to the act of registering or taking a census. In the context of Luke 2, the Roman Empire was conducting a census or registration of its subjects. This was not simply for the purpose of collecting taxes, but also for creating official records of the population. The census would likely have been used for administrative and military purposes, as well as taxation, but the key idea here is inventory or registration.
The Correct Translation:
A more accurate translation of Luke 2:1-3 might read something like this:
- "And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be registered (ἀπογράφω).
- This was the first registration (ἀπογράφω) when Quirinius was governor of Syria.
- And all went to be registered, each one to his own city."
This is supported by the understanding of ἀπογράφω as registering people in a census to record their names, properties, and other relevant details.
The Greek Word Polis (Πόλις):
You're also correct in noting the use of πόλις (polis), which refers to a city or town. In the passage, it specifically means that each person had to go to their city (or hometown) to be registered. This would be a logical and practical way to conduct a census, as it would ensure that everyone was counted according to their ancestral home.
In ancient times, the polis (city-state) was the center of civic life, and individuals were often identified with their place of origin. This is why the decree required people to return to their city to be recorded.
Clarification on Taxation:
Although ἀπογράφω doesn't specifically mean "tax," the registration would eventually serve as a basis for taxation. The Roman Empire used censuses like this one to calculate how much tax each person was liable for based on their property and income. However, the immediate purpose of the census in Luke 2 is more about taking inventory of the population and ensuring that records were kept, which could later be used for various purposes, including tax assessments.
The Policy Metaphor:
The connection you're making between the word "polis" and the concept of an insurance policy is interesting. A policy is indeed a written document that serves as official proof of an agreement or contract, much like the register or inventory of people and property that was being recorded in this census. The polis can be seen as a "written confirmation" of the civic existence and rights of the individual within the community, much like an insurance policy confirms coverage and terms.
Conclusion:
In summary, ἀπογράφω should be understood as "to register" or "to take inventory," not as "to tax." The census was a process of registering individuals and their properties, which could later inform taxation, but the primary purpose was record-keeping for various administrative purposes. The use of polis emphasizes the city as the unit of registration, connecting each individual to their civic identity within the Roman Empire.

Annemijn Martina Antonius VAN DEN BROEK
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/annemijn-van-den-broek-14a4b1a/
Komt belasting in de Thora voor:
ChatGPT zei:
Ja, belasting komt in de Thora voor, hoewel het niet op dezelfde manier wordt beschreven als moderne belastingheffing. In de Thora, het eerste deel van de Hebreeuwse Bijbel, worden verschillende vormen van heffingen en verplichtingen genoemd, die als een soort belasting kunnen worden gezien.
Enkele belangrijke vormen van belasting of verplichte bijdragen in de Thora zijn:
- De Tempelbelasting (de halve shekel)
In Exodus 30:11-16 wordt een belasting genoemd die elk jaar door de Israëlieten betaald moest worden voor het onderhoud van de tabernakel (de draagbare tempel) en later de tempel in Jeruzalem. Dit was een bijdrage van een halve shekel per persoon, ongeacht de rijkdom van de betaler. Het was bedoeld voor de dienst in de tempel en de priesters.
“Dit zullen zij geven, iedereen die geteld wordt, een halve shekel, naar de shekel van het heiligdom… Deze bijdrage wordt voor de Heer gegeven…” (Exodus 30:13)
- Het tiendenstelsel (de tiende)
De Thora legt uit dat de Israëlieten een tiende (10%) van hun inkomen, gewassen of vee moesten afdragen. Dit werd op verschillende manieren gebruikt:
- Tiende voor de Levieten (Leviticus 27:30-32): De Levieten, die geen land bezaten, ontvingen een tiende van de opbrengst van het land.
- Tiende voor de arme (Deuteronomium 14:28-29): De tiende werd om de drie jaar aan de armen, de weduwen, wezen en vreemdelingen gegeven.
- Tiende voor de tempeldienst (Numeri 18:21-24): Dit was een bijdrage voor de Levieten die in de tempeldienst werkten.
- De eerste oogst en andere verplichte offers
Er waren verschillende offers en bijdragen die als een vorm van belasting konden worden gezien, zoals:
- De eerste vruchten (Exodus 23:19, Deuteronomium 26:1-11): De Israëlieten moesten de eerste vruchten van hun oogst naar de tempel brengen als offer voor God.
- Het offer van de eerstegeborene (Exodus 13:2, Deuteronomium 15:19-23): Alle eerstgeborenen van vee en mensen moesten aan God gewijd worden, waarbij het vee vaak als offer werd gebracht en de eerstgeborene van de mensen geofferd of losgekocht.
4. Het eerstgeborene-offer
In Exodus 13:2 en Deuteronomium 15:19-23 moesten de eerstgeborenen van zowel dieren als mensen aan God worden gewijd. De eerstgeboren dieren werden doorgaans als offers aangeboden, terwijl menselijke eerstgeborenen konden worden vrijgekocht met een geldbedrag.
5. Het sabbatsjaar en het jubeljaar
- Sabbatsjaar (de zevende jaar): Elke zeven jaar moesten de boeren hun land braak laten liggen en mochten zij niet oogsten, zodat het land rust kreeg. De oogst die in dat jaar vanzelf zou groeien, mocht door armen en vreemdelingen worden geoogst. (Leviticus 25:1-7).
- Jubeljaar (elke 50 jaar): Het jubeljaar was een bijzonder jaar waarin land dat was verkocht, teruggegeven werd aan de oorspronkelijke eigenaar. Dit had ook invloed op de economische verhoudingen en kan als een vorm van herverdeling worden gezien. (Leviticus 25:8-17).
6. De wetten over het nalezen
In Leviticus 19:9-10 en Deuteronomium 24:19-22 werd de Israëlieten geboden de randen van hun velden en wijngaarden niet te oogsten, zodat ze konden worden nagelezen door de armen, de weduwen en de wezen. Dit is een ander voorbeeld van een praktijk die sociale welvaart garandeerde en gezien kon worden als een vorm van belasting op de rijke landeigenaren ten behoeve van de minder bedeelden.
Samenvatting
Hoewel de Thora niet spreekt over belastingen in de moderne zin (inkomstenbelasting, omzetbelasting, enz.), schetst het wel verschillende vormen van verplichte bijdragen die gezien kunnen worden als belastingen in de context van religieuze, sociale en gemeenschappelijke verantwoordelijkheden. Deze bijdragen waren primair bedoeld om de Tempel, de Levieten en de behoeftigen te ondersteunen, terwijl ze ook het idee versterkten dat alle rijkdom uiteindelijk aan God toebehoort en gedeeld moet worden ten behoeve van de gemeenschap.
Hoewel de belasting in de Thora voornamelijk religieuze en sociale doeleinden had, lijkt het ook een manier te zijn om gerechtigheid en zorg voor de gemeenschap te waarborgen, vooral voor de armen en de Levieten.
In tegenstelling tot moderne belastingheffing, die vaak gebaseerd is op inkomen en vermogensbelasting, was de belasting in de Thora dus meer gebaseerd op religieuze verplichtingen en sociale rechtvaardigheid.
Does taxation appear in the Torah?
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Yes, taxation does appear in the Torah, though it is framed more in terms of religious obligations and communal support rather than the formal tax systems we see in modern societies. There are several forms of contributions or obligations mentioned in the Torah that can be considered as forms of taxation:
- The Temple Tax (Half-Shekel Tax)
In Exodus 30:11-16, a specific tax is introduced, which was a half-shekel contribution from every adult male in Israel. This was to be used for the maintenance and service of the Tabernacle (and later the Temple in Jerusalem). The tax was meant to be collected annually and was seen as a means to support the sacred service.
"Each one who passes among those who are numbered, from twenty years old and upward, shall give the LORD’s offering. The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less, than half a shekel, when you give the offering to the LORD, to make atonement for your lives." (Exodus 30:14-15)
- Tithing (The Tenth)
The Torah mentions several forms of tithing, where individuals are required to give a tenth (10%) of their income or produce. This practice was intended to support the Levites (who did not have land or inheritance), the poor, and the work of the Temple.
- Tithe for the Levites (Leviticus 27:30-32): A portion of the produce of the land (crops and livestock) was given to the Levites, who were responsible for religious duties.
- Tithe for the Poor (Deuteronomy 14:28-29): Every third year, a tithe was collected specifically to support the poor, widows, orphans, and strangers in the community.
- Tithe for the Temple Service (Numbers 18:21-24): The tithe was also used to support the priests and the work of the Temple.
- First Fruits Offering
In Exodus 23:19 and Deuteronomy 26:1-11, the Israelites were commanded to bring the first fruits of their harvest to the Temple as an offering to God. This was a way of acknowledging God's provision and ensuring the sustenance of the priests and Levites.
- The Firstborn Offering
In Exodus 13:2 and Deuteronomy 15:19-23, the firstborn of both animals and humans were to be consecrated to God. The firstborn animals were typically offered as sacrifices, while human firstborns could be redeemed with a monetary payment.
- Sabbatical and Jubilee Years
The Torah also institutes the Sabbatical Year (every seventh year) and the Jubilee Year (every 50th year), during which the land would rest and debts would be forgiven. In the Sabbatical Year (Leviticus 25:1-7), no crops were to be harvested, and whatever grew naturally was available for the poor and animals. In the Jubilee Year (Leviticus 25:8-17), land that had been sold was returned to its original family, and this practice could be seen as a form of redistribution of wealth.
- The Gleaning Laws
In Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19-22, the Israelites were commanded not to harvest the edges of their fields and vineyards, leaving them for the poor, the widows, and the orphans to glean. This is another example of a practice that ensured social welfare and could be viewed as a form of taxation on the wealthy landowners for the benefit of the less fortunate.
Summary
While the Torah does not speak about taxation in the modern sense (income tax, sales tax, etc.), it does outline several forms of mandatory contributions that could be seen as taxes in the context of religious, social, and communal responsibilities. These contributions were primarily meant to support the Temple, the Levites, and those in need, while also reinforcing the idea that all wealth ultimately belongs to God and must be shared for the good of the community.
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