'
Defenition Document:
a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record.
Two or three witnesses
Deuteronomy 17:
6 At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.
Deuteronomy 19:
15 One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.
16 But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.
2Corinthians 13:
1 This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.
1Timothy 5:
19 Against an elder receive not an accusation, but before two or three witnesses.
Hebrews 10:
28 He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses
Matthew 2:
1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem,
Joshua 8: (NET)
33 All the people, rulers, leaders, and judges were standing on either side of the ark, in front of the Levitical priests who carried the ark of the covenant of (YHWH) the LORD. Both resident foreigners and native Israelites were there. Half the people stood in front of Mount Gerizim and the other half in front of Mount Ebal, as Moses the LORD's servant had previously instructed to them to do for the formal blessing ceremony.
Joshua 8: (KJV)
33 And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of (YHWH) the LORD, as well the stranger, as he that was born among them; half of them over against mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount Ebal; as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded before, that they should bless the people of Israel.
34 And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the law.
35 There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not before all the congregation of Israel, with the women, and the little ones, and the strangers that were conversant among them.
Ezra 7: (KJV)
23 Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons?
24 Also we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them.
25 And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach ye them that know them not.
26 And whosoever will not do the law of thy God (YHWH), and the law of the king (YAHUSHUA) (? zie hieronder voor de vertaling), let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment.
(Ezr 7:26 (WLC/Hebreeuws)
וְכָל־דִּי־לָא לֶהֱוֵא עָבֵד דָּתָא דִֽי־אֱלָהָךְ וְדָתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא אָסְפַּרְנָא דִּינָה לֶהֱוֵא מִתְעֲבֵד מִנֵּהּ הֵן לְמֹות הֵן לשֶׂרשֶׂו הֵן־לַעֲנָשׁ נִכְסִין וְלֶאֱסוּרִֽין׃ פ
Ezra 7:26 (google translate)
And all that is not to be worshiped by the Lord, the Lord is your God, and the judge is the one who is going to be a slave to us, so that he may become a servant from us, and they will die for his inheritance, for they will be punished, and they will be imprisoned.
Ezra 7:26 (google vertalen)
En alles wat niet door de Heer dient te aanbidden, de Heer is uw God, en de rechter is degene die ons een slaaf zal zijn, zodat hij een dienstknecht van ons kan worden, en zij zullen voor zijn erfdeel sterven, want zij zullen gestraft worden en zij zullen gevangen worden.)
This King Artaxerxes king of Persia wanted to keep the Law of YHWH what Moses had and Ezra had to arrange everything.
Ezra 7:
1 Now after these things, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Ezra the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah,
2 The son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub,
3 The son of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the son of Meraioth,
4 The son of Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki,
5 The son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the chief priest:
6 This Ezra went up from Babylon; and he was a ready scribe in the law of Moses, which the Lord God of Israel had given: and the king granted him all his request, according to the hand of the Lord his God upon him.
7 And there went up some of the children of Israel, and of the priests, and the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, unto Jerusalem, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king.
8 And he came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king.
9 For upon the first day of the first month began he to go up from Babylon, and on the first day of the fifth month came he to Jerusalem, according to the good hand of his God upon him.
10 For Ezra had prepared his heart to seek the law of the Lord, and to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and judgments.
11 Now this is the copy of the letter that the king Artaxerxes gave unto Ezra the priest, the scribe, even a scribe of the words of the commandments of the Lord, and of his statutes to Israel.
12 Artaxerxes, king of kings, unto Ezra the priest, a scribe of the law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time.
13 I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee.
14 Forasmuch as thou art sent of the king, and of his seven counsellors, to enquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem, according to the law of thy God which is in thine hand;
15 And to carry the silver and gold, which the king and his counsellors have freely offered unto the God of Israel, whose habitation is in Jerusalem,
16 And all the silver and gold that thou canst find in all the province of Babylon, with the freewill offering of the people, and of the priests, offering willingly for the house of their God which is in Jerusalem:
17 That thou mayest buy speedily with this money bullocks, rams, lambs, with their meat offerings and their drink offerings, and offer them upon the altar of the house of your God which is in Jerusalem.
18 And whatsoever shall seem good to thee, and to thy brethren, to do with the rest of the silver and the gold, that do after the will of your God.
19 The vessels also that are given thee for the service of the house of thy God, those deliver thou before the God of Jerusalem.
20 And whatsoever more shall be needful for the house of thy God, which thou shalt have occasion to bestow, bestow it out of the king's treasure house.
21 And I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the treasurers which are beyond the river, that whatsoever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of you, it be done speedily,
22 Unto an hundred talents of silver, and to an hundred measures of wheat, and to an hundred baths of wine, and to an hundred baths of oil, and salt without prescribing how much.
23 Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons?
24 Also we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them.
25 And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach ye them that know them not.
26 And whosoever will not do the law of thy God, and the law of the king, let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment.
27 Blessed be the Lord God of our fathers, which hath put such a thing as this in the king's heart, to beautify the house of the Lord which is in Jerusalem:
28 And hath extended mercy unto me before the king, and his counsellors, and before all the king's mighty princes. And I was strengthened as the hand of the Lord my God was upon me, and I gathered together out of Israel chief men to go up with me.
Colossians 4:
7 All my state shall Tychicus declare unto you, who is a beloved brother, and a faithful minister and fellowservant in the Lord:
Allegedly (Hearsay) it is a SIN Job 1:4-5
References:
First Name:
(Exodus 17:9, Isaiah 45:1, James 2:9, Capitis Deminutio Maxima, -Media, -Minima (PERSOON), Revelation 18, Colossians 4:7) Maritime Admiralty = law of water = is banking law and Civil law = Law of the land
(Cestui Que Vie Act i.666 - i.666 CHAPTER 11 18 and 19 Cha 2) (art. 42 Grondwet/Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands). Divine Law.
Last name/given/maiden name:
Job 32:21-22; Isaiah 44:1-8; Exodus 17:1; 1 kings 12:19; Ezechiel 28:25; Numbers 1:2
Nationality:
1 Corinthians 6:19; Acts 5:32; 2 Corinthians 6:16; Leviticus 11:44; Article 4 and 15 (UVRM)
Exodus 9:1; Jonah 1:9; Romans 11; Ephesians 2: 1-2 +19
Inhabitant of:
Isaiah 24:17; 26:21; Psalm 33:13-14; Deuteronomy 10:14
Sojourner / תּוֹשָׁב:
Genesis 26:3; Exodus 12:48; Leviticus 19:33-37; Article 13 (UVRM)
Conceived:
Nowhere in scriptures are birthdays mentioned except for Pharaoh, Herod and Job his children:
Genesis 40:20; Mark 6:21; Matthew 14:6; Job 1:4-5
it is a SIN James 2:9, Revelation 18
Revelation 13:16-17, Exodus 18:13-27
Deuteronomy 1: 17 (9-18)
Born in:
The land of/municipality/in a geographical location
Genesis 48:5; 1 Chronicles 3:1; Matthew 2:1
Citizen of Heaven:
Philippians 3:20-21
Seal:
Name: Luke 13:35
Title: Isaiah 9:6 + 43:15; Exodus 20:11; Psalm 148:11-14; 1 Timothy 6:15; Revelation 19:16
Territory: Exodus 19:5; 1 Peter 3:22, Exodus 20:11, Psalm 146:5-6
Other references:
Joshua 8:33, Ezra 7: 23-26, Deuteronomy 17:6 + 19:15, Matthew 18:16, 2Corinthians 13:1, 1Timothy 5:19, Hebrews 10:28, Isaiah 54: 5+17.
Notabel Sui juris
Sui iuris, also spelled as sui juris:
[1] is a Latin phrase that literally means "of one's own right".
[2] It is used in both civil law and canon law by the Catholic Church.
Capitis Deminutio Maxima = JOHN DOE (Occurs when a man's condition changes from freedom to bondage)
Capitis Deminutio Media = John DOE (Occurs when a man loses his rights of citizenship but not his rights to liberty)
Capitis Deminutio Minima = John Doe (occurs when a man's family relations alone were changed
Sapientiae Christianae, On Christians as Citizens, ENCYCLICAL OF POPE LEO XIII, 10 January 1890: 11
Vatican
SAPIENTIAE CHRISTIANAE
ENCYCLICAL OF POPE LEO XIII
ON CHRISTIANS AS CITIZENS
To the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, and
Bishops of the Catholic world in Grace and
Communion with the Apostolic See.
- Wherefore, to love both countries, that of earth below and that of heaven above, yet in such mode that the love of our heavenly surpass the love of our earthly home, and that human laws be never set above the divine law, is the essential duty of Christians, and the fountainhead, so to say, from which all other duties spring.
Source:
http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_10011890_sapientiae-christianae.html
Source:
(Book: A Light in the Heavens: Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII)
http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_10011890_sapientiae-christianae.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Leo_XIII
Ephesians 2:
1 And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins;
2 Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience
19 Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints, and of the household of God;
συµπολίτης, ὁ stadgenoot, medeburger
Dei gratia: (Latijn)
Door Gods genade.
Droit divin:
het goddelijk recht
Notabel Sui juris
Sui iuris of sui juris is een Latijnse uitdrukking die letterlijk van eigen recht zijn betekent, dus zelfstandig bepaalde rechtshandelingen kunnen stellen, een rechtspersoon zijn.
Allegedly (naar verluidt)
Maiden name = surname
Given name is husband
First name
parens patriae
-
the monarch, or any other authority, regarded as the legal protector of citizens unable to protect themselves.
"parens patriae jurisdiction"
-
the principle that political authority carries with it the responsibility for such protection.
Revelation 14:
7 Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.
Deminutio capitis
Deminutio capitis heet in het romeinse recht de vermindering van de drieledige rechtsbevoegdheid van een vrij man. De deminutio capitis maxima ontneemt de status libertatis, civitatis en familiae en maakt krijgsgevangen Romeinen buiten romeins gebied, de dediti per patrem patratum en de fures manifesti tot slaaf. De deminutio capitis media of minor ontneemt de status civitatis en familiae aan hem die het burgerschap van een andere stad verkiest (reiectio civitatis), en aan vogelvrij verklaarden (aqua et igni interdictio). De deminutio capitis minima wijzigt alleen de status familiae, als iemand b.v. door adoptie onder het gezag van een ander geplaatst (alieni iuris) of door emancipatio juridisch zelfstandig (sui iuris) wordt.
Capitis deminutio or capitis diminutio (diminished capacity) is a term used in Roman law, referring to the extinguishing, either in whole or in part, of a person's former status and legal capacity. There were three changes of state or condition attended with different consequences: maxima, media, and minima.
Capitis Deminutio Maxima
The greatest, capitis deminutio maxima, involved the loss of liberty, citizenship, and family (e.g. being made a slave or prisoner of war).
Capitis Deminutio Media
The next change of state, capitis deminutio media, consisted of a loss of citizenship and family without any forfeiture of personal liberty.
Capitis Deminutio Minima
The least change of state, capitis deminutio minima, consisted of a person ceasing to belong to a particular family, without loss of liberty or citizenship.[1]
Capitis Deminutio Maxima = JOHN DOE (Occurs when a man's condition changes from freedom to bondage)
Capitis Deminutio Media = John DOE (Occurs when a man loses his rights of citizenship but not his rights to liberty)
Capitis Deminutio Minima = John Doe (occurs when a man's family relations alone were changed)
Maritime Admiralty = law of water = is banking law
Civil law = Law of the land
STAATSMACHT / TRias Politicas
"Staatsmacht is volgens de driemachtenleer te onderscheiden in:
Daarnaast hebben staten de macht om verdragen te sluiten met andere staten."
De rechtsprekende macht moet in handen liggen van onafhankelijke rechters.
De rechters zijn niet meer onafhankelijk.
Van wie hebben ze het rechtssysteem dus bedacht zou je denken. Exodus 18:13-26
Geloof jij in een wetgever.... ik niet.
Ik heb maar 1 wetgever יהוה en het irriteert mij dat men dat negeert in de Staat der Nederlanden en in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.
Source:
De titel ‘koning bij de gratie Gods’. Daarmee werd enerzijds uiting gegeven aan de erkenning dat er geen overheid is dan door God, en anderzijds aan het besef dat de koning niet regeert bij de gratie van paus of kerk, maar bij die van de Koning der koningen. In vorige eeuwen is de leer verkondigd dat de vorst zijn macht ontleent aan het droit divin: het goddelijk recht waardoor hij regeert. Hij is alleen aan God verantwoording schuldig voor zijn regeringsdaden, niet aan een volksvertegenwoordiging.
Droit divin: Goddelijk recht
https://www.europa-nu.nl/id/vh7dovyjhuzi/handvest_van_de_grondrechten
JUBILEES 1:
22 And YAHWEH said to Mosheh: 'I know their contrariness and their thoughts and their stiffneckedness, and they will not be obedient till they confess their own sin and the sin of their fathers.
23 And after this they will turn to Me in all uprightness and with all their heart and with all their soul, and I will circumcise the foreskin of their heart and the foreskin of the heart of their seed, and I will create in them a kodesh spirit, and I will cleanse them so that they shall not turn away from Me from that day unto eternity.
24 And their souls will cleave to Me and to all My commandments, and they will fulfill My commandments, and I will be their ABBA (Father) and they shall be My children.
25 And they all shall be called children of the living YAHWEH, and every malak and every spirit shall know, yes, they shall know that these are My children, and that I am their ABBA in uprightness and righteousness, and that I love them.
Galatians 4:
6 And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
7 Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
John 8:
23 And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye are of this world; I am not of this world.
John 10:
16 And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd.
John 18:
36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.
Matthew 26:
28 For this is my blood of the new Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sinnes.
All the congregation of Israel shall keep it. (Exodus 12:47)
And all the congregation of the children of Israel (Exodus 17:1)
One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among you. the congregation of Israel, whether he be a stranger, or born in the land. (Exodus 12:19)
The children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot that were men, beside children. (Exodus 12:37) (John 5:43)
And a mixed multitude went up also with them (Exodus 12:38)
Exodes 19:
5 Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine:
Exodus 20:
11 For in six days the (LORD) יְהֹוָה/YHWH made heavens (shä·mah'·yim/שָׁמַיִם) and earth (אֶרֶץ/'erets), the sea (yam/יָם), and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.
Isaiah 9:
- For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.
2 Timothy 3:
14 But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them;
15 And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus.
16 All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:
17 That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works.
Luke 13:
35 “See! Your house is left to you desolate; and assuredly, I say to you, you shall not see Me until the time comes when you say, ‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of YeHoVaH !' ”
John 19:
19 And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS.
Genesis 26:
5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws.
Ezechiel 44:
16 They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.
Zechariah 3:
7 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt also keep my courts, and I will give thee places to walk among these that stand by.
1 Timothy 6:
15 Which in his times he shall shew (show/at the proper time), who is the blessed and only Potentate (Sovereign), the King of kings, and Lord of lords;
Jeremiah 16:
21 Therefore, behold, I will this once cause them to know, I will cause them to know mine hand and my might; and they shall know that my name is יְהֹוָה/Yĕhovah (The LORD).
Genesis 11:
29 And Abram and Nahor took them wives: the name of Abram's wife was Sarai; and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Iscah.
Genesis 26:
5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws.
Exodus 34:
28 And he was there with YeHoVaH forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.
John 1:
17 For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.
Isaiah 54:
5 For thy Maker is thine husband; the יְהֹוָה (LORD) of צָבָא (hosts) is his name; and thy Redeemer the קָדוֹשׁ (Holy One) of Israel; The אֱלֹהִים (God) of the whole earth shall he be called.
17 No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of the יְהֹוָה (LORD), and their righteousness is of me, saith the יְהֹוָה (LORD).
Jonah 1: (KJV)
9 And he said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the Lord, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land.
Isaiah 45:(KJV)
1 Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut;
2 I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight: I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron:
3 And I will give thee the treasures of darkness, and hidden riches of secret places, that thou mayest know that I, the Lord, which call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel.
4 For Jacob my servant's sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me.
5 I am the Lord, and there is none else, there is no God beside me: I girded thee, though thou hast not known me:
6 That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the Lord, and there is none else.
7 I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the Lord do all these things.
1 Chronicles 5:
17 All these were reckoned by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
Isaiah 44:
5 One shall say, I am YeHoVaH 'S; and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob; and another shall subscribe with his hand unto YeHoVaH, and surname himself by the name of Israel.
Philippians 3:
20 For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: (KJV)
20 But our citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, (NIV)
21 who, by the power that enables him to bring everything under his control, will transform our lowly bodies so that they will be like his glorious body.
Strong's G4175 - politeuma
-
the administration of civil affairs or of a commonwealth
-
the constitution of a commonwealth, form of government and the laws by which it is administered
-
a state, commonwealth
-
the commonwealth of citizens
Politeuma
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Das Politeuma (griechisch πολίτευμα), die Bürgerschaft (bürgerliche Körperschaft), steht in der hellenistischen Welt für teilautonome Organisationsstrukturen ethnischer Minderheiten in einer Polis. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema beschäftigen sich speziell mit den selbständigen Kommunalverwaltungen der Juden in der Diaspora.
Politeia und Politeuma
Der Begriff Politeuma wurde zeitlich und räumlich unterschiedlich gebraucht. Er hat allerdings nicht das große Bedeutungsspektrum von Politeia (πολιτεία), das ebenfalls Bürgerschaft, aber auch Bürgerrecht, Staatsverfassung, Staatsverwaltung, Staat etc. bedeuten kann und auch der Titel von Platos Idealstaat ist. Da sich die Rechte der Bürger zunächst einmal nur auf die eigene Polis bezogen, machte die Zusammenarbeit mehrerer Poleis die Isopoliteia ((ἰσοπολιτεία)) erforderlich, welche die rechtliche Gleichstellung der Bürger in den beteiligten Städten unter Fortbestand der Eigenständigkeit ihrer Städte bedeutete.
Nach Aristoteles sind unter Politeuma alle Bürger des Staatswesens, der Politeia, zu verstehen, die an den Entscheidungsorganen und damit vorrangig an der Volksversammlung und den Gerichten teilnehmen – also die „Aktivbürgerschaft“.[1]
Auch im Neuen Testament kommt Politeuma vor – allerdings nur einmal. Paulus schreibt an die Philipper: ἡμῶν γὰρ τὸ πολίτευμα ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει – unsere Heimat ist im Himmel[2] bzw. etwas näher an der üblichen Bedeutung von Politeuma: das Reich, in dem wir Bürger sind...[3]
Alexander der Große schrieb während seines Feldzugs in Kleinasien an das Volk von Chios:[4][5] „Das Politeuma in Chios soll das Volk sein.“ (πολίτευμα δἐ εἶναι ἐν Χίωι δῆμον). Er verlangte also die Errichtung einer demokratischen Verfassung.
Im Seleukidenreich gewährte bereits dessen Gründer Seleukos I. Nikator (ca. 358–281 v. Chr.) den Juden in seiner Hauptstadt Antiochia und in den von ihm gegründeten Städten in Asien und Syrien das Bürgerrecht – so berichtet zumindest Flavius Josephus,[6][7] der hier von Politeia spricht.
Zur Integration der Minderheiten unterschiedlicher Landsmannschaften im multiethnischen Reich der Ptolemäer wurde diesen in Form von Politeumata eine teilweise Selbstverwaltung und eigene Gerichtsbarkeit gestattet. So existierten in Ägypten teilautonome Selbstverwaltungen der Boioter, der Idumäer, der Juden, der Kilikier, der Kreter, der Lykier und der Phryger.[8][9]
Neben diesen ethnischen Politeumata gab es noch sehr unterschiedliche Organisationen, die sich selbst in Inschriften als Politeuma bezeichneten:[10]
- In drei der zahlreichen Inschriften im Tempelkomplex des Zeus Panamaros in Stratonikeia (Karien) aus der Zeit von 200 v. Chr. bis 300 n. Chr., mit denen sich alle Teilnehmerinnen an den Heraien gegenüber der großzügigen Priesterschaft bedanken, steht „das Politeuma der Frauen“ anstelle von „alle Frauen“.
- Eine Stele von 93 n. Chr. aus einem Tempelbezirk in Philadelphia (Oase Fayum) erinnert an Erneuerungsarbeiten eines Politeuma, das offensichtlich eine Kultgemeinschaft der Göttin Isis Sachypsis war.
- Eine Votivstele von 112/111 oder 76/75 v. Chr. aus Alexandria für Zeus Soter und Hera Teleia stammt von einem Politeuma von Soldaten nicht genannter Herkunft.
- In der Nähe von Sidon wurden mehrere Grabstelen aus dem zweiten Jahrhundert v. Chr. gefunden. Von acht Stelen, welche ihre Stifter erwähnen, sind vier vom jeweiligen Politeuma der Heimatgemeinde errichtet, also z. B. vom Verein der in Sidon lebenden Bürger, die aus Termessos stammten.
Für diese Organisationskategorien, aber auch für die oben aufgeführten ethnischen Politeumata lassen sich Inschriftenbeispiele angeben, die nicht den Begriff Politeuma verwenden, sondern andere Ausdrücke wie z. B. κοινόν (Koinon/Gemeinschaft) oder σύνοδος (Synodos/Verein).[11] Nur vom Namen her kann also nicht auf einen fundamentalen Unterschied zwischen Politeuma und anderen Organisationstypen geschlossen werden. Es ist allerdings anzunehmen, dass ethnische Selbstverwaltungskörperschaften mit Sondergerichtsbarkeit nur aufgrund von Dekreten der Herrscher in den Diadochenreichen bestehen konnten, also staatsrechtliche Konstrukte waren. Solche Dokumente wurden allerdings noch nicht gefunden. (Zur Problematik der Unterscheidung von Privatvereinen und öffentlich-rechtlichen Verbänden bei Militärvereinen siehe M. San Nicolò.[12])
Jüdische Politeumata im Ptolemäischen Ägypten
Bei der Untersuchung, welche Bürgerrechte tatsächlich im ptolemäischen (und seleukidischen) Reich an die Juden abgegeben wurden, stößt man in den umfangreichen Geschichtswerken von Flavius Josephus teilweise auf Ungenauigkeiten. Auch der Aristeasbrief, der ein Politeuma in Alexandria erwähnt, hat als eher poetisches Werk keine unbestreitbare Beweiskraft. Es ist bei dieser Qualität vielgenannter Quellen daher nicht erstaunlich, dass in der Forschung kontrovers diskutiert wurde, ob es in der hellenistischen Diaspora jüdische Politeumata im Sinne kommunaler Selbstverwaltungen tatsächlich gab.
So stand auf der einen Seite Emil Schürers Ansicht, die Juden von Alexandria hätten das alexandrinische Bürgerrecht besessen[13] und sie bildeten dennoch „einen selbständigen Communalverband in oder neben der übrigen Stadt, ähnlich wie in Cyrene.“[14] Schürer zitiert an dieser Stelle Strabons Aussagen zur Selbständigkeit der jüdischen Gemeinde von Alexandria, die Flavius Josephus[15] wiedergibt: Ein ganzer Stadtteil von Alexandria sei für dieses Volk reserviert. Sie hätten an Ihrer Spitze einen Ethnarchen, „welcher das Volk regiert und Gericht hält und für die Erfüllung der Verpflichtungen und Befolgung der Verordnungen sorgt wie der Archon einer unabhängigen Stadt.“
Im Jahr 1985 unterstrich A. Kasher[16] nochmals die Existenz jüdischer Politeumata in der Hauptstadt Alexandria und in der ägyptischen Chora zu hellenistischer und römischer Zeit, meinte aber, die Juden hätten das alexandrinische Bürgerrecht weder besessen noch angestrebt. Bei der Interpretation von Flavius Josephus ging er davon aus, dass dieser die Begriffe Politeuma und Politeia als synonym betrachtete[17] und im Zusammenhang mit dem Edikt des Claudius[18] unter Isopoliteia (ἴσης πολιτείας παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων) die Gleichstellung von Polis und Politeuma in Alexandria verstand.[19] Kasher bezieht sich in seiner Argumentation auch auf die Grabinschrift des Abramos aus Leontopolis,[20] die besagt, der Verstorbene sei Politarch (πολιτάρχης) von zwei Orten gewesen und habe für das ganze Volk (ἐθνικῆ) geamtet. Er bewertet die jüdische Gemeinde von Leontopolis als Politeuma.
Auf der Seite der Kritiker sah beispielsweise G. Lüderitz nach einer Untersuchung umfangreichen Quellenmaterials letztlich nur die Existenz des Politeuma von Berenike, dem heutigen Bengasi, als gesichert an. Diese in zwei Ehrendekreten erwähnte Körperschaft, deren 7 bzw. 9 Archonten namentlich genannt werden, stufte er allerdings nur als eine aristokratische jüdische Bule (βουλή) ein, also nicht als Gesamtheit der Juden der Stadt.[21] Die 1994 publizierten Erkenntnisse von Lüderitz resümierte B. Wander: „So wurde ein terminologisch gesichertes jüdisches Politeuma ein Phänomen der Geschichtsschreibung, keineswegs aber der Geschichte.“[22]
Inzwischen konnte die Existenz einer autonomen Selbstverwaltungskörperschaft der Juden im ptolemäischen Ägypten durch die Analyse der Dokumente des jüdischen Politeuma von Herakleopolis (Gauhauptstadt in Oberägypten), die 2001 veröffentlicht wurde,[23] klar bewiesen werden. T. Kruse[24] bestätigt diesen Dokumenten eine „ungeheure Wirkung“ bei den Gelehrten, die sich mit der Erforschung des hellenistischen Judentums beschäftigen. Basis der Untersuchung sind 20 aus Mumienkartonage gewonnene Texte, die heute in den Papyrussammlungen von Heidelberg, Köln, München und Wien aufbewahrt werden.[25] Sie betreffen den Rechtsprechungsalltag des Politeuma, dessen Leitung ein Archontenkollegium mit einem Politarch als Vorsitzenden innehatte. Das Kollegium war sowohl für die Gaumetropole als auch für die Siedlungen im Gau zuständig.[26] Die Papyri des Politeuma von Herakleopolis bestätigen somit auch die Existenz des Politarchenamtes, das in der Grabinschrift des Abramos aus Leontopolis erwähnt wird.[27]
Nach den Entdeckungen in der ägyptischen Chora stellt sich auch für die Metropole Alexandria heute kaum noch die Frage, ob es dort ein jüdisches Politeuma gab. Weitgehende Übereinstimmung herrscht darüber, dass die jüdische Bevölkerung weder in ptolemäischer noch in römischer Zeit das alexandrinische Bürgerrecht besaß.[28][29] "Die Jüdische Gemeinde war genau genommen eine Stadt, eine Politeia, in der Stadt mit praktisch den gleichen Kompetenzen wie die der Alexandriner."[30] Auch diesbezüglich hatte erst ein Papyrusfund Klärung gebracht.
Politeumata als integrierende Organisationsform der Ptolemäer
Die Inschriften, die ethnische Politeumata bezeugen, nennen primär die betreffende Volksgruppe, meist noch deren Siedlungsraum und eventuell noch Funktionärstitel der Körperschaft. Teilweise geben sie auch einen Hinweis auf einen möglichen militärischen Hintergrund des Politeuma. Wesentlich informativer sind demgegenüber die oben erwähnten 20 Papyri aus der juristischen Korrespondenz des jüdischen Politeuma von Herakleopolis.
Mit der Begründung, die Juden hätten in der Zeit der Ptolemäer juristisch und sozial keinen anderen Status gehabt als die Einwanderer anderer Ethnien, stellt P. Sänger[31] die Arbeitshypothese auf, dass alle anderen ethnischen Politeumata des hierarchisch durchstrukturierten Reiches dieselben Rechte wie das jüdische Politeuma hatten. Er liefert Begründungen, warum die (nicht ethnischen) Politeumata von Sidon nicht auf die Seleukiden, sondern ebenfalls auf die Ptolemäer zurückgehen und somit „die Organisationsform politeuma eine Kreation der Ptolemäer“ ist, die möglicherweise auf das 3. Jh. v. Chr. zurückgeht. Als Grund für die Einführung der Politeumata sieht Sänger die Notwendigkeit die zahlreichen Einwanderer, primär Söldner aus dem Alexanderreich, welche sich im unterworfenen Ägypten niederlassen, in das ptolemäische Machtgefüge zu integrieren. Durch Anerkennung der rechtlichen und kultischen Eigenart einer ethnischen Minderheit und Sanktionierung der Kompetenzen ihrer leitenden Funktionäre werde diese „zu einem institutionalisierten Teil des Königreichs“. Die Mitglieder des Politeuma könnten sich in „ihrem“ Stadtviertel, besonders wenn sie dort die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung stellten, als einheimische Bürger statt als Fremde fühlen. Aus der Verbundenheit mit ihrem neuen Heimatort resultiere Leistungsbereitschaft für den Staat, von der dieser wiederum profitieren könne.
Ein frühes Beispiel für die Wertschätzung der Juden und für erwartete Leistungen im ptolemäischen Staat nennt Flavius Josephus. Die ältesten jüdischen Diaspora-Gemeinden in Libyen gehen demzufolge auf Ptolemäus I. (305 – 285 v. Chr.) zurück. Er soll Juden aus Alexandria in Kyrene und anderen Städten Ost-Libyens angesiedelt haben, um dieses Gebiet seines Reiches besser unter Kontrolle zu haben.[32]
Zu beachten ist, dass „Integration von Minderheiten“ in dieser geschichtlichen Epoche nicht auf der Basis unseres heutigen Verständnisses von allgemeinen Menschenrechten beruhte. Erfolgreiche Integration bedeutete die Schaffung des Gefühls einer ethnischen Minderheit, mit der privilegierten Schicht der „Hellenen“ gleichgestellt zu sein, also nicht zum gemeinen Volk der unterworfenen Ägypter zu gehören. Die Zugehörigkeit zur Klasse der neuen Herren Ägyptens spricht beispielsweise aus Papyrus 1 der Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis.[33] Hier geht es um die Klage eines Juden wegen Beleidigung durch „einen von den Hafenbewohnern“ – offensichtlich einen Nichtjuden. Das Hafengebiet gehörte in den Zuständigkeitsbereich der Archonten des Politeuma, welches möglicherweise seine Entstehung der dort gebauten Festung mit jüdischem Kommandanten und eventuell auch jüdischer Mannschaft verdankte.[34][35] Die Angehörigen des Politeuma bezeichnet der Kläger selbstbewusst als πολῖται (Bürger), eine Bezeichnung, die sonst nur die Bürger der Griechenstädte Alexandria, Naukratis und Ptolemais trugen.[36] Die anderen Bewohner sind ἀλλόφυλοι (Ausländer, von einem anderen Stamm).
Offen ist, ob die Politeumata eventuell noch ältere orientalische Wurzeln haben. Denn bereits die Perser unterhielten in Elephantine eine Militärkolonie, die Söldner verschiedener Herkunft beherbergte. Die gefundene Korrespondenz in aramäischer Sprache bezeugt die Existenz einer jüdischen Kultusgemeinde mit eigenem Tempel und eigenen Traditionen. (Der Tempel hatte schon vor der Eroberung Ägyptens durch Kambyses II. bestanden und war von diesem nicht zerstört worden.[37])
Literatur
- Patrick Sänger: Die ptolemäische Organisationsform politeuma: Ein Herrschaftsinstrument zugunsten jüdischer und anderer hellenischer Gemeinschaften, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2019, ISBN 978-3-16-156883-1.
- T. Kruse: Das jüdische politeuma von Herakleopolis in Ägypten. Zur Methode der Integration ethnischer Gruppen in den Staat der Ptolemäer. In: V. Dementyeva, T. Schmitt (Hrsg.): Volk und Demokratie im Altertum (= Bremer Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft. Band 1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, S. 93–105.
- J. Cowey, K. Maresch (Hrsg.): Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis (144/3–133/2 v. Chr.): Papyri aus den Sammlungen von Heidelberg, Köln, München und Wien. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 3-531-09948-5.
- G. Lüderitz: What is the Politeuma? In: J. van Henten, P. van der Horst (Hrsg.): Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy. Leiden 1994, ISBN 90-04-09916-6, S. 183–225.
- A. Kasher: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. The Struggle for Equal Rights. Mohr, Tübingen 1885, ISBN 3-16-144829-4.
Weblinks
Siehe auch
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Karen Piepenbrink: Politische Ordnungskonzeptionen in der attischen Demokratie des vierten Jahrhunderts v. Chr.: eine vergleichende Untersuchung zum philosophischen und rhetorischen Diskurs. Steiner, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07848-7, S. 70.
- ↑ Phil 3,20 EU, Zürcher Bibel 2007, S. 318.
- ↑ Phil 3, 20, Zürcher Bibel 1977, S. 258
- ↑ Gerhard Pfohl: Griechische Inschriften als Zeugnisse des privaten und öffentlichen Lebens. Heimeran, München 1965, Nr. 107.
- ↑ Chios-Text aus dem TELEMACO-Projekt der Universität Bologna (Memento des Originals vom 7. Mai 2006 im Internet Archive) Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
- ↑ Flavius Josephus, Contra Apionem, II 39.
- ↑ Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, XII 3:1.
- ↑ J. Cowey, K. Maresch (Hrsg.): Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis, Einleitung S. 6–7.
- ↑ G. Lüderitz: What is the Politeuma?, S. 196–199.
- ↑ G. Lüderitz: What is the Politeuma? S. 189–196.
- ↑ G. Lüderitz: What is the Politeuma? S. 201–204.
- ↑ M. San Nicolò, Ägyptisches Vereinswesen zur Zeit der Ptolemäer, Erster Teil: Die Vereinsarten (Münchner Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte, Heft 2, I. Teil) 2. Aufl., Beck, München 1972, ISBN 3-406-01702-9, S. 198
- ↑ Emil Schürer: Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi. III, Hinrichs, Leipzig 1909, S. 82.
- ↑ Emil Schürer: Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi. II, Hinrichs, Leipzig 1886, S. 514.
- ↑ Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae XIV, 7:2.
- ↑ A. Kasher: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. S. 10
- ↑ A. Kasher: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, S. 279.
- ↑ Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, XIX 280–285.
- ↑ A. Kasher: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, S. 281.
- ↑ Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum (CPJ), vol. III, edited by V. Tcherikover, A. Fuks und M. Stern, 1530 a.
- ↑ G. Lüderitz: What is the Politeuma? S. 221.
- ↑ B. Wander: Gottesfürchtige und Sympathisanten: Studien zum heidnischen Umfeld von Diasporagemeinden. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1998, ISBN 3-16-146865-1, S. 25.
- ↑ J. Cowey, K. Maresch (Hrsg.): Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis
- ↑ T. Kruse: Das jüdische politeuma von Herakleopolis in Ägypten. S. 95.
- ↑ Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis.
- ↑ T. Kruse: Das jüdische politeuma von Herakleopolis in Ägypten. S. 98.
- ↑ Walter Ameling: Die jüdische Gemeinde von Leontopolis nach den Inschriften. In: M. Karrer, W. Kraus, unter Mitarbeit von M. Meiser (Hrsg.): Die Septuaginta - Texte, Kontexte, Lebenswelten. Internationale Fachtagung veranstaltet von Septuaginta Deutsch (LXX.D), Wuppertal 20.–23. Juli 2006. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-149317-1, S. 117–133, besonders S. 128.
- ↑ A. Kasher: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. S. 262.
- ↑ J. Cowey, K. Maresch (Hrsg.): Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis. Einleitung S. 8–9.
- ↑ H. Bell: Jews and Christians in Egypt. Oxford University Press, London 1924, S. 10–16.
- ↑ P. Sänger, Das politeuma in der hellenistischen Staatenwelt: Eine Organisationsform zur Integration von Minderheiten, Kapitel 3. Neue Perspektiven
- ↑ Flavius Josephus: Contra Apionem. II 44, (griechisch und englisch, PACE) (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven) Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
- ↑ J. Cowey, K. Maresch (Hrsg.): Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis, S. 35
- ↑ T. Kruse: Das jüdische politeuma von Herakleopolis in Ägypten. S. 99–101.
- ↑ T. Kruse, Die Festung Herakleopolis und der Zwist im Ptolemäerreich, in: A. Jördens, J. F. Quack (Hrsg.), Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck. Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposium Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007 (Philippika. Marburger altertumskundliche Abhandlungen, Bd. 45), Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2011, S. 255–267.
- ↑ J. Cowey, K. Maresch (Hrsg.): Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis, Einleitung S. 22
- ↑ A. Joisten-Pruschke, Das religiöse Leben der Juden von Elephantine in der Achämenidenzeit (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe: Iranica), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05706-6, S. 68.
Source:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeuma
het paspoort zelfst.naamw.Uitspraak: [ˈpɑsport] Verbuigingen: paspoort|en (meerv.) door de overheid afgegeven document met je foto, je naam en geboortedatum als bewijs van je staatsburgerschap
- Bewijs 2) Bewijs van identiteit 3) Bewijs van nationaliteit 4) Bewijs van staatsburgerschap 5) Bewijs van te mogen passeren 6) Door de overheid uitgegeven document 7) Grenscontrole 8) Grensdocument 9) Herkenningsbewijs 10) Identiteitsbewijs 11) Legitimatiebewijs 12) Nationaliteitsbewijs 13) Officieel document 14) Officieel geschrift 15) Officiee...
1) Bewijs 2) Bewijs van identiteit 3) Bewijs van nationaliteit 4) Bewijs van staatsburgerschap 5) Bewijs van te mogen passeren 6) Door de overheid uitgegeven document 7) Grenscontrole 8) Grensdocument 9) Herkenningsbewijs 10) Identiteitsbewijs 11) Legitimatiebewijs 12) Nationaliteitsbewijs 13) Officieel document 14) Officieel geschrift 15) Officiee...
Source:
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/nov/17/travelnews
capitis deminutio minima (PERSOON)
Ben is “son of”
Bath is “daughter of”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_name
Surname
Main articles: Jewish surname and Hebraization of surnames
Jews have historically used Hebrew patronymic names. In the Jewish patronymic system the first name is followed by either ben- or bat- ("son of" and "daughter of", respectively), and then the father's name. (Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is also seen). Permanent family surnames exist today but only gained popularity among Sephardic Jews in Iberia as early as the 10th or 11th century and did not spread widely to the Ashkenazic Jews of Germany or Eastern Europe until the late 18th and mid 19th century, where the adoption of German surnames was imposed in exchange for Jewish emancipation.
Although Ashkenazi Jews now use European or modern-Hebrew surnames for everyday life, the Hebrew patronymic form is still used in Jewish religious and cultural life, and is common in Israel. It is used in synagogue and in documents in Jewish law such as the ketubah (marriage contract). Many Sephardic Jews used the Arabic ibn instead of bat or ben when it was the norm. The Spanish family Ibn Ezra is one example.
Many immigrants to modern Israel change their names to Hebrew names, to erase remnants of Diaspora life still surviving in family names from other languages. This is especially common among Ashkenazic Jews, because most of their European names do not go back far in history; surnames were imposed by the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires in the 18th century (explaining why many Ashkenazi Jews have German or European-sounding names). The newly-assumed Hebrew names were sometimes based on phonetic similarity with their former (European) surname: Golda Meyersohn became Golda Meir.
A popular form to create a new family names is the false patronymic, using the prefix "ben" or "bar" followed by words who are not the name of a parent. Examples include patriotic themes, such as ben Ami ("son of my people"), or ben Artzi ("son of my country"), and terms related to the Israeli landscape, such as bar Ilan ("son of the trees", also similar phonetically to the bearer's original family name Berlin). Another famous person who used a false patronymic is the first Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. His former family name was Grün, and he adopted the name "Ben-Gurion" ("son of Gurion"), not "Ben-Avigdor" (his father's name). Gurion was a Jewish leader in the period of the First Jewish–Roman War.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_name
Isaiah 44:
1 Yet now hear, O Jacob my servant; and Israel, whom I have chosen:
2 Thus saith the LORD that made thee, and formed thee from the womb, which will help thee; Fear not, O Jacob, my servant; and thou, Jesurun, whom I have chosen.
3 For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty, and floods upon the dry ground: I will pour my spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon thine offspring:
4 And they shall spring up as among the grass, as willows by the water courses.
5 One shall say, I am YHWH (the LORD'S); and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob; and another shall subscribe with his hand unto the LORD, and surname himself by the name of Israel.
6 Thus saith YHWH (the LORD) the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God.
7 And who, as I, shall call, and shall declare it, and set it in order for me, since I appointed the ancient people? and the things that are coming, and shall come, let them shew unto them.
8 Fear ye not, neither be afraid: have not I told thee from that time, and have declared it? ye are even my witnesses. Is there a God beside me? yea, there is no God; I know not any.
Job 32:
21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man's person, neither let me give flattering titles unto man.
22 For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my maker would soon take me away.
(21 Laat mij niet, iemands persoon aannemen, en laat mij geen vleiende titels geven aan de mens.)
Exodus 17:
1 And all the congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, after their journeys, according to the commandment of YHWH (the LORD), and pitched in Rephidim: and there was no water for the people to drink.
Haggai 2:
6 For thus saith the LORD of hosts; Yet once, it is a little while, and I will shake the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and the dry land;
Revelation 12:
12 Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time.
Deuteronomy 17:
6 At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.
Deuteronomy 19:
15 One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.
Matthew 18:
16 But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.
2Corinthians 13:
1 This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.
1Timothy 5:
19 Against an elder receive not an accusation, but before two or three witnesses.
Hebrews 10:
28 He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses
Joshua 8:
(NET)
33 All the people, rulers, leaders, and judges were standing on either side of the ark, in front of the Levitical priests who carried the ark of the covenant of (YHWH) the LORD. Both resident foreigners and native Israelites were there. Half the people stood in front of Mount Gerizim and the other half in front of Mount Ebal, as Moses the LORD's servant had previously instructed to them to do for the formal blessing ceremony.
(KJV)
33 And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of (YHWH) the LORD, as well the stranger, as he that was born among them; half of them over against mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount Ebal; as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded before, that they should bless the people of Israel.
34 And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the law.
35 There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not before all the congregation of Israel, with the women, and the little ones, and the strangers that were conversant among them.
Ezra 7: (KJV)
23 Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons?
24 Also we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them.
25 And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach ye them that know them not.
26 And whosoever will not do the law of thy God (YHWH), and the law of the king (YAHUSHUA) (? zie hieronder voor de vertaling), let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment.
(Ezra 7:26 (WLC/Hebreeuws)
וְכָל־דִּי־לָא לֶהֱוֵא עָבֵד דָּתָא דִֽי־אֱלָהָךְ וְדָתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא אָסְפַּרְנָא דִּינָה לֶהֱוֵא מִתְעֲבֵד מִנֵּהּ הֵן לְמֹות הֵן לשֶׂרשֶׂו הֵן־לַעֲנָשׁ נִכְסִין וְלֶאֱסוּרִֽין׃ פ
Ezra 7: (google translate)
26 And all that is not to be worshiped by the Lord, the Lord is your God, and the judge is the one who is going to be a slave to us, so that he may become a servant from us, and they will die for his inheritance, for they will be punished, and they will be imprisoned.
Ezra 7: (google vertalen)
26 En alles wat niet door de Heer dient te aanbidden, de Heer is uw God, en de rechter is degene die ons een slaaf zal zijn, zodat hij een dienstknecht van ons kan worden, en zij zullen voor zijn erfdeel sterven, want zij zullen gestraft worden en zij zullen gevangen worden.)
Ezekiel 38:
20 So that the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the heaven, and the beasts of the field, and all creeping things that creep upon the earth, and all the men that are upon the face of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground.
Exodus 19:
5 Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine:
Deuteronomy 14:
2 For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.
Deuteronomy 26:
18 And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments;
Psalm 135:
4 For the LORD hath chosen Jacob unto himself, and Israel for his peculiar treasure.
Ecclesiastes 2:
8 I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts.
Titus 2:
14 Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.
1Peter 2:
9 But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:
1Peter 3:
22 Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him.
Job 1:
4 His sons used to go and hold a feast in the house of each one on his day, and they would send and invite their three sisters to eat and drink with them.
5 And when the days of the feast had run their course, Job would send and consecrate them, and he would rise early in the morning and offer burnt offerings according to the number of them all. For Job said, “It may be that my children have sinned, and cursed[fn] God in their hearts.” Thus Job did continually.
respect persons
Deuteronomy 1:
17 Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it.
Proverbs 24:
23 These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment.
Proverbs 28:
21 To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man will transgress.
James 2:
9 But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors.
1 Peter 1:
17 And if ye call on the Father, who without respect of persons judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your sojourning here in fear:
Isaiah 56:
1 Thus saith the Lord, Keep ye judgment, and do justice: for my salvation is near to come, and my righteousness to be revealed.
2 Blessed is the man that doeth this, and the son of man that layeth hold on it; that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and keepeth his hand from doing any evil.
3 Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to the Lord, speak, saying, The Lord hath utterly separated me from his people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I am a dry tree.
4 For thus saith the Lord unto the eunuchs that keep my sabbaths, and choose the things that please me, and take hold of my covenant;
5 Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place and a name better than of sons and of daughters: I will give them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off.
6 Also the sons of the stranger, that join themselves to the Lord, to serve him, and to love the name of YeHoVaH, to be his servants, every one that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and taketh hold of my covenant;
7 Even them will I bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted upon mine altar; for mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all people.
References:
https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2013:BZ2283
https://www.privacyfirst.nl/over-ons/columns/item/515-ophef-over-identificatieplicht.html
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/paspoort-en-identiteitskaart/vraag-en-antwoord/wat-is-de-identificatieplicht
https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/freedomreligion/pages/standards.aspx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country
https://maxius.nl/verdrag-tot-bescherming-van-de-rechten-van-de-mens-en-de-fundamentele-vrijheden-rome-04-11-1950/artikel9/lid2
https://www.aclu.org/other/5-problems-national-id-cards
https://academic.oup.com/ojlr/article/1/1/15/1547673
https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0006297/2017-03-01
https://www.researchgate.net/journal/1358-2291_International_Journal_of_Discrimination_and_the_Law
https://www.unhcr.org/un-conventions-on-statelessness.html
https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Europees_Verdrag_voor_de_Rechten_van_de_Mens
https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/kst-25992-3.html
https://nos.nl/op3/artikel/2074560-geen-id-kaart-bij-je-vraag-agent-even-mee-te-lopen.html
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281186.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_document
What is ORIGINAL?
Primitive; first in order; bearing its own authority, and not deriving authority from an outside source; as original jurisdiction, original writ, etc. As applied to documents, the original is the first copy or archetype; that from which another in- strument is transcribed, copied, or imitated.
https://thelawdictionary.org/original/
What is JURISDICTION?
The power and authority constitutionally conferred upon (or constitutionally recognized as existing in) a court or judge to pronounce the sentence of the law, or to award the remedies provided by law, upon a state of facts, proved or ad- mitted, referred to the tribunal for decision, and authorized by law to be the subject of investigation or action by that tribunal, and in favor of or against persons (or a res) who present themselves, or who are brought, before the court in some manner sanctioned by law as proper and sufficient. 1 Black, Judgm.
What is AUTHORITY?
In contracts. The lawful delegation of power by one person to another. In the English law relating to public administration, an authority is a body having jurisdiction in certain matters of a public nature. In governmental law. Legal power; a right to command or to act; the right and power of public officers to require obedience to their orders lawfully issued in the scope of their public duties. Authority to execute a deed must be given by deed. Com. Dig. “Attorney,” C, 5; 4 Term, 313; 7 Term, 207; 1 Holt, 141; Blood v. Goodrich, 9 Wend. (N. Y.) 68, 75, 24 Am. Dec. 121; Banorgee v. Hovey, 5 Mass. 11, 4 Am. Dec. 17; Cooper v. Rankin, 5 Bin. (Pa.) 613.
https://thelawdictionary.org/authority/
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